The historian Raymond Arsenault recounted some of them in his book, Freedom Riders: 1961 and the Struggle for Racial Justice. ![]() The Freedom Riders soon encountered violent opposition. Virginia, 1946) which declared that segregated bus seating was unconstitutional. The Journey of Reconciliation had groups of black and white volunteers ride buses in the south to test out a Supreme Court decision (Morgan v. The initiative was modeled after CORE’s “Journey of Reconciliation,” which took place in 1947. The first bus set off from Washington DC on March 4, 1961, carrying seven black and six white protesters to the deep south. The freedom rides were organized by the Congress on Racial Equality, or CORE. Their goal was to put to the test a recent Supreme Court ruling which had declared that segregation on interstate bus and rail stations was unconstitutional. The first freedom ride took place in the summer of 1961 other rides followed.įreedom riders held sit-ins at lunch counters, waiting rooms, and restrooms in interstate bus stations throughout the deep south. ![]() Most of them (an estimated 75 percent) were men. Most of the freedom riders were college students about half of them were black and about half were white. Freedom riders were northerners who took interstate buses down to the south in order to protest Jim Crow and segregation policies.
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